Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Contraceptive Self-efficacy Scale: Focused on Women University Students

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop and test the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Contraceptive Self-efficacy (K-CSE) scale. METHODS: The K-CSE scale was developed through forward-backward translation methods. Construct and criterion validity and internal consistency reliability were calculated using SPSS/WIN 21.0. Data were collected from 257 women students from two universities in G city, South Korea. RESULTS: The factor structure of the K-CSE scale showed the cumulative variance as 62.9% in the factor analysis. Factor loading of 13 items on four subscales ranged from .47 to .88. Factors were named as 'initiative of contraceptive use', 'sexual assertiveness', 'refusal of sexual intercourse', and 'autonomic sexual behavior'. Criterion validity compared to the Sexual Autonomy Measurement (SAM) showed significant correlation. Cronbach's α for the reliability of each subscale were .50~.82 and .76 for the total scale. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study demonstrate that the K-CSE scale is a satisfactory valid and reliable scale. Therefore, the CSE scale can be useful in measuring contraceptive self-efficacy among women university students in Korea.

Stress, Self-esteem, and Powerlessness in Korean Husbands Married to Foreign Wives

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate levels of stress, self-esteem, and powerlessness in Korean husbands married to foreigner wives. METHODS: The subjects were 183 Korean men who were living with foreigner wives in the Gwangju, Jeonnam and Jeonnbuk areas. Data were collected from January to May 2012 and analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and backward multiple regression with the SPSS PC WIN version 18.0. RESULTS: The average level of stress was 4.48, with difficulties in international marriage experienced by the subjects due to differences in language and culture. The average reported self-esteem score was 29.69, and the average powerlessness score 117.76. There were significant differences in perceived powerlessness depending on the employment statuses, income levels, and nationalities of the participants' wives, and their perceived levels of satisfaction with living with a foreigner wife. Powerlessness was positively correlated with stress (r=.41, p<.001), and negatively correlated with self-esteem(r=-.63, p<.001). The factors affecting the perceived powerlessness included self-esteem (beta=-.54, p<.001), stress (beta=.28, p<.001), lower income (beta=.13, p=.016), and working wife (beta=.12, p=.036). CONCLUSION: Healthcare providers need to explore strategies to improve self-esteem and powerlessness in Korean men married to foreigner wives.

Influence of Head Nurses' Transformational Leadership on Staff Nurse's Psychological Well-being, Stress and Somatization: Focused on the Mediating Effect of Positive Psychological Capital / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the relationship between transformational leadership by head nurses and positive psychological capital, psychological well-being, stress and somatization of staff nurses. METHOD: Participants in this study were 300 staff nurses in general hospitals located in G and B cities. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS Win 18.0 program. RESULT: The major findings were as follows; 1) There were positive influences of transformational leadership on positive psychological capital, psychological well-being, and a negative effect on stress. 2) Positive psychological capital had a positive influence on psychological well-being, and negative effects on stress and somatization. 3) In the analysis of the mediating role of the positive psychological capital, transformational leadership was shown to indirectly affect psychological well-being and stress through positive psychological capital. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that transformational leadership has important influences on employees' psychological well-being and stress via employees' positive psychological capital. To enhance psychological well-being and reduce stress for nurses, it is important to develop not only the leadership of head nurses but also the positive psychological capital of staff nurses.

Nurses' Cognition of Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) in Long-term Care Hospitals and Changes in Nursing Care after Application of DRG / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine nurses' cognition of the diagnosis related group (DRG) in long-term care hospitals and changes in nursing care after application of the DRG system. METHOD: This study was a descriptive survey involving 161 nurses working in 12 long-term care hospitals located in Gwangju city and Chonnam area. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 18.0 version program. Data analyses utilized descriptive test, chi-square test, Fisher's exact probability test, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. RESULT: There was no change in cognition of DRG in 55.3% of the nurses, and 26.1% takes to 'change positively'. More than half of the respondents (57.8%) agreed to the application of DRG. After application of DRG, the nurses responded 'there were changes in nursing care' in 23 of the 25 care items. Two items had an increase in nursing care. CONCLUSIONS: No distinct changes in nursing care were evident after DRG application. Therefore, there is need to provide education programs related to DRG for nurse in long-term care hospitals.

Sexual maturation, Body image, and Self-esteem among Girls of Lower Grades in Elementary School

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the sexual maturation, body image, and self-esteem of Korean elementary school girls with symptoms of precocious puberty compared to those with no symptoms of precocious puberty. METHODS: The subjects were 309 girls of lower grades in elementary school. Tanner's Sexual Maturation Rating (SMR), Self Image Scale, and Self-esteem Scale were utilized to determine the presence of symptoms of precocious puberty, body image, and self esteem. Collected data were analyzed by Chi-square test, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA using the SPSS/WIN 17.0 program. RESULTS: The percentage of the girls with breast development was 14.9%. Breast development usually began in the third grade (56.5%). Of the subjects, 0.3% were experiencing menstruation. Breast development was related to grade, age, height, weight, and a cause of worry. There was a significant difference of body image between girls with breast development in the first grade and in the second grade. CONCLUSION: An effective intervention that can improve the self-image of children with symptoms of precocious puberty should be developed to prevent and treat physical and mental problems related to sexual maturation.